- Nunik maslakhah (163221043)
- Linggar Samukti Triwikrama (163221044)
- Sartika Sri Rahayu (163221046)
- Tanti Nur Khasanah (163221047)
- Laila Isrofa (163221053)
(PBI 1B)
A. Common nouns
1.
These common nouns
are words for things.
Ruler
Pen
Crayons
Pencil
Book
2.
These common nouns
are words for animals. Notice that special names for young animals are include.
Animal Its Young
Dog puppy
Cat kitten
Cow calf
Horse foal
Sheep lamb
3.
These common nouns
are words for place
Bank
Hotel
Library
Museum
Mall
4.
These common nouns
are words for people who do certain things.
Singer
Dancer
Artist
Magician
B. Proper nouns
The names of particular peopl, place and things are
proper nouns they always begin with a capital letter.
1)
these people’s
names are proper nouns
Robin Hood
Aladdin
Muhammad Ali
2)
the names of the
days of the week and the months of the year are proper nouns.
Monday January
Tuesday February
Wednesday March
3)
the names of
special days and celebrations are also proper nouns.
New Years’s Day
Mother’s Day
Veteran’s Day
4)
the names of famous
place, buildings and monuments are proper nouns.
Big Ben
The Spinx
Graceland
5)
the names of people
who live in a particulr country are also proper nouns
country people
Afghanistan afghans
Australia Australians
Britain the British.
C. Singular Nouns
When are you talking about just one
thing or perso, use a singular Noun.For example:
a tent a park an
idea
a taxi a doctor an
oven
a house a lady an
exercise
D. Plural Nouns
Use a plural Nouns when you are
talking about two or more people place or things.
Just add a to make mostnouns
plurals.
Singular plural
a computer computers
a chair chairs
a train trains
`Notes :
·
words called articles or determinan are used to signal nouns
a
river an armchair three biscuits
a
castle an
idea five eggs
·
the article an is used before nouns that begin with
the vowels a, e, i, o and u.
an
artist an eye an insect
an
oven an
umbrella
·
the article a is
used before nouns that begin with the other letters, called consosnant.
But
some words don’t follow these rules.
Ø a uniform, a unit, a user: a, not an,is used
because the vowel u in these words
is pronounced like the word you.
Ø an hour, an heir, an honor: an, not a,is used
because the consonant h in these
words is not pronounced.
1)
Nouns that end in s, ss, ch,sh or x,
are made prular by adding es.
Singular plural
Bus busses
Glass glasses
Dress dresses
2) Most nouns that end in y are made plural by changing the y to i and adding es.
Singular plural
Bus buses
Glass glasses
Dress dresses
Branch branches
3) Most nouns that end in y are made plural by changing the y to i and adding es.
Singular plural
Baby babies
Family families
Story stories
Teddy teddies
1)
nouns that have a
vowel before the y are made plural by simply adding s at the end
singular plural
key keys
monkey monkeys
donkey donkeys
toy toys
cowboy cowboy
2)
many nouns that end
in f are mad plural by changing the f to v and adding s
singular plural
half halves
leaf leaves
shelf shelves
wolf wolves
but some nouns that end in f are made plural simply by
adding s.
Singular plural
Chief chiefs
Roof roofs
Cliff cliffs
Puff puffs
3)
some nouns that end
in f can be made plural in two ways
singular plural
scraf scraf
or scrarves
hoof hoofs
or hooves
dwarf dwars
or dwarves
wharf wharfs
or wharves
4)
most nouns that end
in fe are made plural by changing the f to v and adding s.
Singular plural
Knife knives
Wife wives
Life lives
Midwife midwives
5)
most nouns that end
o are made plural by adding s
singular plural
video videos
hippo hippos
zoo zoos
but other nouns that end in o are made plural by adding
es.
Singular plural
Tomato tomatoes
Potato potatoes
Hero heroes
6)
Some nouns change
spelling from the singular form to the plural.
Singular plural
Man men
Woman women
Child children
7)
The plural form of
some nouns is the same as the singular form.
Singular plural
Sheep sheep
(not sheeps)
Deer deer
(not deers)
Fish fish
(not fishes)
8)
Some nouns are
always plural. Trouser glasses shots spectacles.
Trousers glasses
Shots spectacles
Jeans goggles
Some nouns are usually plural.
Shoes chopsticks
Sandals gloves
Slippers clogs
Notes
when you are talking about different kinds of fish, the plural can be fishes, for
example:
the various fishes of the Indian Ocean.
You can use a pair of with these plural npuns. For
example:
A pair of trousers
A pair of pants
A pair of pants
1.
Collective Nouns
Words for groups of people, animals or things are called
collective nouns.
a.
Here are some collective nouns for grups of people.
A
family
A
team
A
community
A
choir
b.
Collective nouns
may be used with a singular verb or with plural verb. If the group is acting as
a single unit, use a singular verb. If group members are acting as individuals,
use a plural verb. For example:
The
crowd was orderly
Or
The crowdbwere
clapping, yelling and cheering.
Notes
Always use a plural
vrb with the collective nouns, people and the police. For example:
Those people live (not lives) in Asia. The police have
caught (not has caught) the thief.
c.
Here are more
collective nouns you can use for grup of people.
A
crowd of shoppers
A
company of actors
A
class of schoolchildren
d.
Many groups of
animals have their own special collective nouns.
A
herd of cattle
A
flock of birds
A
drove of sheep
e.
Some groups of
things also have their own special collective nouns.
A
bunch of bananas
A
cluster of grapes
A
bunch of flowers
f.
Some nouns name the
amount or form of something.
A
loaf of bread
A
ball of string
A
bar of soap
g.
The words a piece
of mean a single serving or part of
something.
A
slice//piece of bread
A
pice/square of chocolate
A sheet/piece of paper
Masculine and
Femnine Nouns
a)
Masculine nouns are
words for men, boys and male animals.
Feminine nouns are words for women, girls and female
animals.
Masculine feminine
Boy girl
Man woman
Father mother
Son daughter
b)
Many nouns are used
for both males and females. They are called common gender nouns.
Teacher baby doctor scientist
Pupil parent astronaut president
c)
With animals, there
is one general word for the animal and special words for the male and the
female. Sometimes the word for the male animal is the same as the geeral word.
Sometimes the word for the female animal is the same as the general word.
Animal masculine feminine
Rabbit buck doe
Horse stallion mare
Sheep rame ewe
Pig boar sow
The Possesive
Form of Nouns
Use the possesive form of a noun to show ownership.
·
To make the
possesive form, put an apostrophe and an s after a singular noun.
This is my bed and that is Peter’s bed.
We all like Dad’s cooking.
It’s my job to collect everybody’s plate after the meal.
Notes
v How do you make the possesive form when two names linked
by and are the owners? Put an’s after the second name only. For example:
Katy and Mike’s house is very big. (=the house that
belongs to both Katy and Mike).
Joe and Sarah’s dad works at the shoe factory. )=He is
Joe’s dad and he is also Sarah’s dad).
v Sometimes two possesive forms with ‘s appear together,
one after the other.
This is John’s brother’s ball. (=the ball belongs to
John’s brother).
·
After plural nouns
that don’t end in s, use an apostrophe and an s s’ to make the possesive form.
The children’s room is always messy.
Some people’s house are bigger than ours.
·
After plural nouns
that end in s, just add an apostropke s’.
The pupils’ desks are arranged in rows.
The boys’ bedroom is bigger than the girls’ bedroom.
Notes
When a name ends in s, you can make the possesive form in
either of two ways: add an apostrophe and an s s’, or add just an apostrophe.
For example:
This is James’s house or this is James’ house.
Which is Charles’s bike? Or which is Charles’ bike?
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